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"Russia is insatiable," or forbidden topics in the prose of Nabokov

"… What I feel is the real world is the modern world the artist creates, his mirage which becomes a new mir ("world" in Russian) issued by his own act, so to speak, at the age he lives. "Perhaps the answer Nabokov had an interviewer who is interested in your opinion about the modern world and contemporary politics. The book containing this interview, and many other titles SO, and indeed, Nabokov is known not only for their brilliant work of fiction, but his independent and uncompromising views on the creative, original art and the artist's place in the world. Every time we met, was invited to discuss "general ideas, such as social, political and moral and stated that such global concerns were beyond the scope of art: "A work of art has no relevance to society. It is only important for the individual, and only the individual reader is important to me. I do not care a damn for the group, community, action, etc … There can be no doubt that what makes a work of fiction safe from larvae and rust is not its social importance but its art, only art her. A work of art, Nabokov, is a world in itself, brought to life by imagination creative. It takes people their independent existence, unrelated to its historic surroundings and realities. In the introduction to his Lectures on Literature Nabokov once explained: "… the true writer, who sends planets spinning and models a man asleep and eagerly changes the bed ribs, that kind of author has no value available to him to create its own. The art of writing is a useless if it means, above all, the art of seeing the world fiction as possible. "In this statement, worldviews of grandeur and a clear reference to the story of Adam and Eve reflect a parallel between the artist and creator-creator of God. In one of his interviews Nabokov makes clear from this comparison: "A creative writer must study carefully the works of the rivals of the cases, including Almighty. He must have an innate capacity not only of recombination, but re-creation of the world to say. "

Nabokov position to some As a reaction to the situation in Soviet Russia, where the state seeks to dominate the needs of a human being, where they print the individual by the collective and details general statements. Reaffirms the power of creativity and independence, the ability of imagination to build his own world, and makes a clear distinction between a work of fiction and out of everything, including his creative personality. "Literature is invention. Fiction is fiction. To call a story a true story is an insult to the art and truth. "

Nabokov insisted on a particular approach to literature by the readers as well. He gave up trends usual identified with characters in a book, looking for clues about the social and political realities of working time is written, or trying to form the "idea "about a book without absorbing all of its specifics. The emotional commitment that out, you can prevent readers of objective assessment of the work" … An intelligent reader reads the book of genius, not to the heart, not so much to put his brain, but with his spine. This is where burning occurs despite the fact that a witness must keep a little aloof, a least when reading independently.

Nabokov avoid formulating their ideas under the famous slogan "art for art only because avoids the labels of all kinds, but this home certainly can be used to describe their views and attitudes toward literature. In this hierarchy of values, concerns aesthetic dominate all others, and the impact of great art work in your reader is limited to a bite on the back. "However, it remains to be seen, that ideas penetrate Nabokov's own fiction as if his novels are entirely the product of his creative imagination or the result of deep personal experience that saturated fatty acids with great intensity.

Nabokov changed countries and languages in his creative life, and it is interesting to examine whether these changes affected their books. Comparison of two novels of Nabokov, Gift, written mainly in Russian in Berlin in the 1930s, and Pale Fire, written in English on a date much later, can provide insight on these issues.

As mentioned in the introduction to Nabokov's Gift, "the main heroine" of the novel in Russian literature, and the main character is a writer, an expatriate writer Fyodor Godunov-Cherdyntsev, which shares many autobiographical details with Nabokov. As Cambridge Nabokov years post-its, Fedor lives in Berlin in 1920, writes poetry and makes a living by giving lessons in English and French. Take, for the most part, an existence lonely, devoted his time primarily to the literature. happy childhood in St. Petersburg, love butterflies and chess problems, synesthesia, – all this has to do with Fedor Nabokov. Description of incident episodes reflects Nabokov's life appear much later in his autobiography, Speak, Memory - for example, the story of a childhood disease: high fever, an obsession with numbers and large pencil Faber, given as a gift from the mother.

Perhaps the most important characteristic that separates Fedor with Nabokov's passionate love of literary language, belief in the power of speech things wrote: "Since not that he (Fedor) wanted to express as naturally as wantonly want to expand as the lungs, ie, words appropriate to the spirit of being there. "Fedor is reflected in his concern for the youth of rhyme and meter, the analysis of the multiple mechanisms that word and they interact as part of a puzzle to form a harmonious whole poem. Fedor values as Nabokov on general issues such as social psychiatry. When considered briefly the possibility of meeting their knowledge, ma'am. Chernyshevski even tacit request to write about her son, explains his aversion to the idea as follows: "I would have done without enmired realize a "profound" novel social interest with an unpleasant odor Freudian.

More obviously, (and Fedor) Nabokov views on the literature are expressed in (imaginary) conversation with Koncheyev Fyodor – migrated poet friend, the one whose work you admire and whose opinions you consider valuable. When Fedor and Koncheyev leave a bibliographic and walk together across the street, a single dialogue, brilliant, full of allusions to various works of Russian literature, among them. "… There are only two types of books and paper close. Or want a writer with fervor, or completely throw" – Fedor says, and both continue to discuss it, his opinion best and the worst is in the works of famous Russian writers. Both are completely uninterested in the "general idea" or moral importance of these articles talk about (issues always attracted criticism from Russia and become more important in the Soviet period), and all they do is with love results show the art simply this writer or that. Leskov Praise Jesus – "the spiritual Galilee, quiet and smooth, with a tunic the color of ripe plum" or "shiny gray lady. Odintsev black silk "in Turgenev's Fathers and Sons. Dostoyevski Speaking rejected, Fedor said," The Karamazov there somewhere part a circular mark left by a glass of wine on a table outdoors wet "- and that for him is the only thing" worth saving. As some writers known for beautiful scenery of nature, Fyodor mercy are criticized for errors in his description of natural phenomena: "My father used to find all kinds of Turgenev and Tolstoy nonsense in hunting scenes and descriptions of nature, and the vulnerability of Aksakov, let's talk not even his infamous error in this area. "All these statements clearly echo own approach to the literature of Nabokov, with his love for detail, his insistence on precise knowledge of the nature and disposal any other criteria for judging works of literature.

Nabokov's belief in the power of deception and invention to create fiction is often expressed in efforts to deceive the readers, to create this false or action in the plot development, which, after a few pages, turns out to be an illusion a product of the imagination of the character. The exchange between Fedor and Koncheyev all turns out to be an illusion, "Whose is that they do share in the first corner, and I was reading a fictional dialogue with the same supply as a self-study manual of literary inspiration? "However, the importance Talking about the non-existent in the novel is not limited to express opinions about art and display devices Nabokov contest. Fyodor shows the extent of loneliness, lack partners, with whom he can share his vast knowledge of literature and love language: the degree of separation from the world around them. In his book, Speak, Memory Nabokov describes how the native Europeans are perceived by Russian immigrants in Germany or France: "The locals were in the minds of shapes and eyes transparent cellophane cut, and although we have used their gadgets, welcomed his Clowns, plums of their choice on the side of the road and apples, no communication In fact, the human species was common between us, between us and them. "It recreates the atmosphere of the gifts the human and cultural isolation Fedor in which to live. Deprived of its cultural, Fedor feels nothing but disappointment for the German-speaking world is caught in "the belief that German Russian is vulgar and the small numbers in large numbers – incredibly vulgar era, he knew, a punishment worthy of an artist "- and still I can not help because direct all of its irrational hatred that pushes a German on a bus (which, ironically, it's a Russian).

Like Nabokov, Fedor is trilingual but French and English in its current state to serve a purpose simply utilitarian, while Russian remains the language of his soul and his art. Riding the bus in one of his teaching work hard, I think Fyodor himself: "… there is a special variant of rare and undescribed and unidentified man, and he is occupied with God knows what, running for learning to learn, he lost his youth in a boring job and empty, mediocre learning a foreign language – when he has his tongue of which can do what you like – a mosquito, a mammoth, a thousand different clouds. So there are few examples of puns and change the language on gifts.

On the way to another lesson become fully immersed in Fyodor hateful memories of Russia and recent memories of his life there – from "quick and senseless, to access to it as a fatal attack of a disease, anytime and anywhere. "warm and sunny vision of the Russian people after a summer rain is short, such a contrast with the surrounding reality without color and the next meeting with a student without hope, involving Fyodor skip lessons and go home with your writing. It's another of the themes expressed in the gift of great emotional power – the theme of nostalgia, yearning for the lost homeland. Whenever faced questions about Russia during their interviews, Nabokov gave answers such as "All I need Russia is always with me" or "exile for an artist means one thing – the banning of his books. Sometimes, however, speaks Russian very differently: "In the first decade of this century have become extinct, while traveling with my family in Western Europe, The imaginary, in dreams Reveries, which would like to become an exile who wanted a remote control, epithet and sad (right to come) insatiable Russia, under the eucalyptus exotic stations. Lenin and his beautiful police organized the realization of that fantasy.

References in Russian novels Nabokov, especially gifts, have a track and a great feeling bitter loss, that is, no doubt, from personal experience. Like Nabokov, Fyodor transforms your inner world in art, and poetry, was born of memories of childhood, justifies, as he says, spent years in exile. But literature can not Fyodor creative comply fully alleviate the nostalgia of it, which sometimes becomes almost a physical sensation: "For a long time had wanted to express some So he was on his feet was a sensation in Russia, you can touch and recognize all her with his heel, like a blind man feels his palms. "Again and time, impossible to imagine a return to the country and changed his family: "And when I return to Russia? What idiot sentimentality, which is a pain to predators I hope to convey to innocent people in Russia. But nostalgia is not our story – only human, how can we explain this to them? "Immediately after of these lines is one of Nabokov's central ideas expressed through the words of the character on their own and given a final somewhat ironic: "It is easier for me, of course, for another to live Russia, because I know for sure that I'll be back – first, because I took the keys, and secondly, because no matter when, in a hundred, two hundred years, I will live there, in my books – or at least some scholars note. No, now has a historical hope, a literary-historical … "

In this passage, there are two distinct perspectives on Russia, two different forms of perception – that of a human artist and simple and is independent, proud and prominence of an artist who prefers to Nabokov in the world. Always strongly protested against being identified with the characters he, and perhaps was his way to hide that part of himself, which contains human feelings and dreams, often painful, often impotent indivisible. However, as in a colorful Fyodor's childhood memories of leaks in his vision and irrevocable letters influence their perception of language, the private world and stop the fall in his fiction Nabokov inevitably have appeared in various forms and with different characters. Besides the issue of nostalgia, there is another more personal development of the plot in gifts, and this is Fedor's relationship with his father. Konstantin Godunov-Cherdyntsev is a researcher who is also very immersed in his profession and not the great convulsions that occur in Russia. In 1917, despite the turbulent situation in Russia, he embarks on an expedition and not the back. This is another defeat that haunts Fedor: although there is little hope to see a father's back, dreaming of his return continued, imagining that one day be reunited with his father in the street, or listening to a phone call … In a of the most shocking episodes of the novel, the phone rings, after all, in the middle of the night and rushes home Fyodor their former owners through the streets of Berlin, that suddenly transforms into a beautiful world that resembles in some mysterious way from St. Petersburg, in a white night. Fedor enters the room and sees his father. "With an action Fedor and moan left his address and in the layer of wool collective sense, large hands and bidding slaughter has increased heat mustache ecstasy happy live large, her heart melted ice and dissolved paradise. And again, almost unbearable at this time, the whole scene turns out to be a false turns Nabokov and Fedor is a new dream awakes from a breakfast of cold and empty.

Nabokov denied a work of art any kind of "truth", but an art but the episode with the father Fyodor irradiated human truth: the warmth, the weakness of the yen, devoid of dashed hopes … One has to remember the tragic death of his father Nabokov, to understand that this is coming.

In the gifts, often covers are transparent, and its hero is presented from multiple angles. He is not only a writer that "life is a possibility of fiction, is a man who sees the world through the prism of their experiences, joys and sorrows yours.

The gift was the last novel Nabokov wrote in Russian. In 1940, he emigrated to the United States and since then, he wrote his works important only in English. Instead, he said, was not easy: "My complete switch from Russian prose in English prose was very painful – Learning from again to deal with things after losing seven or eight fingers in an explosion. "Pale Fire, one of Nabokov's novels in English, was written in part at the end of tenure in America, in part, in Switzerland, where Nabokov spent his last years. Romano has important structural and thematic similarities gift. So as gifts, when separated devoted an entire chapter to the biography of Fedor Chernyshevsky, a separate book, Pale fire contains a work of literature within it – a long poem written by an American poet John Shade. The rest of the novel is a commentary, which mostly have nothing to do with the poem itself. It is an elaborate story of the king whose throne distant Zembla has been swept by revolution and left the country. Gradually, it becomes clear that Carlos Kinbote, a resident of shade and the author of the commentary, is the king escaped. Therefore, as a gift has a theme The theme of exile and creativity, even though pale fire gets a very different development.

As Kinbote explains, "Zembla name is a corruption of the Russian, but Semblerland Zemlya, reflect soil, resemblers. "native Zembla as some European languages simultaneously. There are visible traces of Russia, and some words are taken almost without changes: for example, has a picture of bogtyr (Bogatyr 'in Russian) in a history book Zembla, and "face, shoulders square stone komizars (Russian: curator) Zembla order in the streets after the revolution. In addition, French and German may vary slightly with other sentences. "Minnamin, Gut Alka mag, magazines dirstan (my dear, God makes hungry, thirsty devil), "- says a nurse Zembla to Kinbote, and listen, but" Alka of Russia "and, perhaps, English "dangerous", "Mon amie" Gott "and the first person möchten" German.

Nabokov said in interviews that Zembla is not Russia, and indeed, it is Russia's next novel, a totalitarian state that contributes to the revolution Zembla. Kinbote talks about the "gold stained and a robot bodies State Police powerful advantageous position a few miles from the sea poured into Zembla Revolution. "Kinbote talks constantly about Zembla, but His memories of the profound lack of human emotions, which marks the nostalgia of Fedor. Although Kinbote repeated again and again "Zembla" my "dazzling Zembla" sensibility that shines through the pages of the best t is Gif disappeared from history. This is essentially a story of himself and his flight from the country. For a king, Kinbote shows a remarkable lack of interest in the revolution that affected his country and the possible causes that led to it. He is more concerned by aesthetic and literary pleasures and calling the whole business of politics "a boring subject." As for the revolution, all you can say this is that it was "Tedious and unnecessary. Kinbote is in the position Nabokov indifference to social issues and policies. In all, the issue of migration has been treated with indifference on the novel by certain and independence, but there are passages which, with warmth and deep lyricism of them can compare to the gifts. For example, Kinbote comments of his fellow rises early in the morning and flowers of the plant with a curious name: Heliotropium turgenevi. "This is the flower whose odor intensity evokes eternal sunset, and a bank the garden, and a wooden house in a faraway land to the north. "Even apart from the reference Turgenev, it is clear that this land, to Nabokov, is not only Russia does not – about Zembla monstrous police state, but true, immortal, beloved Russia of Nabokov's memory. And this brief passage has more emotional coolness energy the color of the mountains Zembla descriptions that have no counterparts in childhood memories of the author.

Kinbote seems, being in exile does not mean the loss of the country much as the loss of his name and title (which now has to run), and therefore part of the loss of their identity, and therefore its isolation and the separation is complete in gifts from Fedor. One critic's Pale Fire behavior interpreted as follows: "… he is trying to get the poet John Shade to confirm his identity, to show that it is true Zembla their hopes of salvation by turning it into a poem. With persistence Kinbote manic shadow keeps talking about Zembla: Often confused with him, I fed him with my vision, I went ahead with a drunken savage noble, whatever could do nothing to put in verse. Kinbote calls his relationship with the poet "friendship" but in fact, could not care less shade as a human being with hopes and pains. Commenting on the poem, the author ignored the part of his wife and daughter of the shadow. Sybil Shade, who defends her husband by its interference neighbor, Kinbote, is so annoying obstacle on the road, and for him, the lines of shadow cost bidding his wife are not only "embarrassing intimacies. Kinbote with arrogance on the subject the shadow of the girl, blue, Suicide, obviously, a very painful and personal a poet, as if it were merely a stylistic device: "All this seems to me very difficult and long term, primarily because synchronization device is already working to the death of Flaubert and Joyce. Kinbote When you feel alone and scared in her empty house, like Shadow had a heart attack – only to have an excuse to go back and forth about the loneliness and fear. At the end of the novel, when he was shot by mistake by the shadow murderer, his "friend" is in no hurry to ask for help: Instead, he hastens to hide the poem, which, he believes, contains the story of his life.

Compared to Kinbote, John shadow seems to be a much more attractive, and has some features that are more human warmth to the image his: can be lazy, he likes simple meals, brandy and wine, he loves his wife and daughter, and be generally more tolerant of people who are not as bright and talented like him. Nabokov gives his character some of his thoughts I was little. For example, shade, which is also a master of literature, express their views about teaching: "First, discard ideas, and social background, and give first-year students to get drunk in the poetry of Hamlet or Lear, to read back and his skull. However, since the shadow is the first person in the novel only through the indifferent eyes of Kinbote, His inner world is more or less hidden the reader. It is only through the shadow looms poem concerns of the poet. The song in general is painful, difficult search for meaning, a attempt to understand the puzzle of human life and death, to find a way beyond mortality. No thought or emotion can facilitate human being trapped in a limited world. Everything except that art: the art itself, art presents a unique reality, perfectly harmonized interior, which can be understood as a reflection of a larger pattern:

I feel that I understand

The existence, or at least a minute,

My existence, only through my art

In terms of pleasure combined …

"Combinational delight" in fact, it is important not only in the shadow poem, but in all the novel. As gifts, art detail is a focus of concentration in PF, but here the focus is on one level yet more subtle where language itself is analyzed. Pale Fire is an example of very dense prose where individual words rather than carriers of meaning: they become, in a sense, itself a subject of the novel. A Hot Images Shadow of the family together is a reminder of the night when he and his daughter Sybil, helped her understand really unknown words from the text in English. A change of one letter in the word "mountain" and "source" is critical in history's shadow attempts to penetrate the mystery of another world. The book is full of examples of wordplay, often involving several languages, and numerous references to works of literature (Some of which are likely to Nabokov's invention). Shadow In the poem has special combinations such as "Fra Karamazov, muttering his inept everything is permitted" which is a mixture of Alyosha Karamazov, Raskol'nikov, and, perhaps, an Italian painter Fra Angelico Art intensely spiritual with their religion. But no one in the novel is very involved in the excavation concerned that Kinbote. He is constantly concerned with deciphering the literary allusions, reflecting on the interaction of words, meanings, rhymes and sounds. Nabokov mentions in his lectures that a dictionary should be a necessary attribute of a good reader, and, ironically, Kinbote, who can hardly be called a good reader, dutifully following lines of the masterpiece of the shadow of his vocabulary. For the most part, is looking obsessively references to Zembla and its history in the poem of life, but sometimes you just need the aesthetic pleasure in some of its lines:

Lines 131-132: I was killed by the shadow of Air distance Waxwings glass.

exquisite melody of the opening poem of two lines is repeated here. Extended repetition of the note is saved monotony subtle changes in the line 132 where his assonance between the second floor and use a kind of rhyme gives pleasure to faint echo of a song half-remembered painful … "The Shadow of the commentator really enjoy the magic of words, like Nabokov, multilingualism, the artistic sense and mastery of language expressed unprecedented fully in the creation of a truly wonderful poem, and other parts of the novel.

Perhaps, refined world of literature allows a way to save Kinbote concerned about the reality of his own shadow and so, and to some extent, Fedor in gifts, and at the end of Past, by Nabokov. In his commentary, Kinbote shows one episode, when someone in the presence of the shadow tells the story of a railway worker madman who "thought he was God and began redirecting the trains." This (" Crazy ") is the correct word – The (shadow), he said. -" One should not apply to a person who deliberately peels off a dark and sad past and replaces it by a brilliant invention. However, comparison of Nabokov's novels shows that the invention "big" is really alive only when the light of personal human experience, however, "whore" and sad, illuminated from within. In Pale Fire walls of the home world of private memory Nabokov and feel are thicker than the gifts, and the novel follows more closely the ideas of art as Nabokov elegant trick, a world to be totally fictitious be treated with aesthetics rather than emotional reasons. This is a great difference between PF and gifts.

Time is probable to be one of factors behind this change: Pale Fire was written some twenty years later, this gift, the largest and most Nabokov to greater distance divided by its Russian past with whom he had strong emotional ties in recent years abroad. Another important factor is, perhaps, language. Nabokov was very proud of his works in English and repeatedly called himself an American writer, but sometimes he provided his readers with arguments unexpected such as: "My private tragedy, which can not, nor should be anyone's concern is that I had to abandon my natural idiom, my natural language, on my rich the Russian language, infinitely rich and wise, for a brand's second-class "English. In another interview, when asked what language is considered the most beautiful, Nabokov answered: "My head says English, my heart, of Russia, my ear," French. It is possible to say that the emotional power transmitted from Russia and English had more of an intellectual resource, and is one of the reasons for Pale Fire, written in English, appeals to the brain more than it does to your feelings.

One of the most surprising confessions that fills the world of 'me' there is a public internal Nabokov in a poem. A night of poetry Russian, written in English in 1945, is a rhymed introduction of a public lecture Nabokov allows students to an audience of Americans, most women. Russian poetry is the lecture topic, but usually Nabokov about him not talking about schools, trends and times. Again, speaking of letters, shapes, the details of each complex and hidden tenderness shines through his words, remain invisible to his listeners. They ask questions about your favorite tree and stones Echoing criticism insensitive gifts, whose "book discussion Koncheyev boiled until its reply to the author a kind of implicit (Her favorite flower? Favorite hero? What price you under?) "Speaking of Nabokov's Pushkin and Nekrasov all together and merge: The grass sky, beauty chain and human feelings – and the inevitable theme of exile. Nabokov speaks of memories, opened by saying: "I recall that the conclusion that you will follow me all parties, and that space is "folded. his private tragedy has lost his young listeners, whose innocent question" is most notable result of a poem:

How to say "talking pretty" in Russian?

How to say "good night"?

Oh, that would be as follows:

Bessonnitza, oonyl vzor Tvoya of strashen;

Lubov Moya, otstoopnika prostee.

(Insomnia, your eyes are sad and gray,

my love, forgive this.)

The whole hidden world of private care for Nabokov, he insists, "can not, indeed should not, either" The concern is soon revealed in the poignant lines: long nights, loneliness, feelings of guilt over the abandonment of language and nostalgia for the inaccessible, insatiable unforgettable " Russia.

Bibliography

1). Kernan, Alvin B. "Reading Zembla: Public disappears Nabokov Pale Fire." Vladimir Nabokov (Modern critical opinion.) Ed Harold Bloom. Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 101-125.

2). Набоков, Владимир. Дар. Москва: Правда, 1990.

3). Nabokov, Vladimir. Gifts. New York: Capricorn Books, Children GP Putnam, 1970.

4). —. Lectures on literature. Harcourt Brace & Company, 1982.

5). —. Pale Fire. New York: Quality Paperback Club Books, 1993.

6). —. Poems and problems. McGraw-Hill International, Inc. 1970.

7). —. Speak, Memory. New York: Quality Paperback Club Books, 1993.

8). —. Strong opinions. McGraw-Hill International, Inc. 1973.

About the Author

I was born and grew up in Russia. At the age of 20 I had to unexpectedly move to the USA where I spent 6 years. That was when I wrote this and other English-language articles. Now I’m living again in Russia. I teach English and also do web design. Here is my site: www.kotausi.com There you can see some of my works, photographs and other articles.

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